Traffic assignment problem for footpath networks with bidirectional links

The estimation of pedestrian traffic in urban areas is often performed with computationally intensive microscopic models that usually suffer from scalability issues large-scale footpath networks. In this study, we present a new macroscopic user equilibrium assignment problem (UE-pTAP) framework for networks while taking into account fundamental properties such as self-organization bidirectional streams and stochastic walking travel times. We propose four different types volume-delay functions (pVDFs), calibrate them empirical data, discuss their implications on the existence uniqueness solution. demonstrate applicability developed UE-pTAP small network well large scale Sydney footpaths.